Useful links for the Study of Gandharan Art

Lahore Museum

Lahore Museum virtual tour

Lahore Museum online Gandhara objects

Mardan Museum

Mardan Museum on Facebook

Peshawar Museum

Peshawar Museum on Facebook

Peshawar Museum virtual tour

Swat Museum virtual tour

Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Oxford

The Asian Art Museum, San Francisco

Eastern Art Online from the Ashmolean Museum

British Museum, London

Government Museum & Art Gallery, Chandigarh

Hirayama Ikuo Silk Road Museum

Indian Museum, Kolkata

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

MNAAG, Paris (Musée national des arts asiatiques-Guimet)

MNAO, Rome (Museo Nazionale d'Arte Orientale "Giuseppe Tucci") Translate page to English to view.

Museum für Asiatische Kunst, Berlin

Penn Museum (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology & Anthropology) Gandhara collection

Ryukoku Museum, Kyoto

Victoria & Albert Museum, London

Archaeological Survey of India

Ancient Indian & Iran Trust, Cambridge

Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Govt. of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies (including details of annual online Pali school)

Robert N.H. Ho Family Foundation Centre for Buddhist Art & Conservation, Courtauld Institute of Art, London

Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan (MAIP of IsMEO)

The Oriental Institute-National Museum of Afghanistan Partnership Project (University of Chicago)

Mes Aynak, Afghanistan (Afghanistan heritage)

Nimogram: Joan Raducha archive of photographs at University of Wisconsin, Madison

Takht-i-Bahi (virtual tour)

International Dunhuang Project: The Silk Road Online

Digitization of Gandharan Artefacts: A Project for the Preservation and the Study of the Buddhist Art of Pakistan

Turquoise Mountain Project

Haḍḍa Archeo Database Project

Digital Gandhara, Harvard FAS CAMLab

Boston University Libraries - resources and links on Buddhist arts, including a section on Gandhara

Gandhari.org (important resources for the study of Gandhari language and texts, by Dr Stefan Baums and Dr Andrew Glass)

The Huntington Archive: a wealth of resources for Buddhist and Asian art, including image database.

Buddhist Art News (blog)

Digital Silk Road Project from National Institute of Informatics, Japan (in Japanese and English): many resources, including digitized books relevant to Gandhara

Dr Markus Mode's Gandhara bibliography (University of Halle-Wittenberg)

Encyclopaedia Iranica (research tool for the study of Iranian civilization, covering the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Indian Subcontinent)

Europeana Collections (aggregates material from many public museum databases: search for 'Gandhara' to find more than 250 records)

Google Arts & Culture (search site for 'Gandhara' to find many images and tours of international museum collections etc.)

The Hellenistic Far East Bibliography, by Dr Rachel Mairs

The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (includes nearly 500 historic images of Gandharan sculptures, most out of copyright and free to use)

I. Ali and M.N. Qazi, Gandhara Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) (Mansehra, 2008)

K. Behrendt, The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, 2007)

S. Glenn, Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Coins: A Bibliography of the Numismatics of the Hellenistic Far East (online publication, first edition, 2016)

H. Hargreaves, Handbook to the Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Revised edition, Calcutta 1930)

Pakistan Heritage. Peer reviewed journal from the Archaeology Department of Hazara University; volume 4 (2012) onwards online.

UNESCO, History of Civilizations of Central Asia (online publication in six volumes; includes Gandharan art and the Kushans)

Journal of Gandhāran Buddhist Texts

Kurt Behrendt lecture at Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 'Gandhara: Art and Trade'

Christian Luczanits lecture for the Asia Society, 'Gandharan Art and Buddhism'

Saving Mes Aynak (documentary by Brent E. Huffman) (free to view in Afghanistan)

'Vanishing History' - Radio Free Europe short films on Gandharan heritage in Pakistan

Jesse Pons, Tang Center for Silk Road Studies, UC Berkeley, 'Where Was Wine Drunk in Gandhara?'

Pia Brancaccio, Tang Center for Silk Road Studies, UC Berkeley, 'The Narrative of the Buddha’s Life in Gandharan Art'

Shailendra Bhandare, 'Exploring Gandhara: The shared civilisational past of subcontinent'

Gandharan Gallery at the Lahore Museum (Not in English)

Sushma Jansari, 'The Bimaran casket, the oldest, dateable depiction of the Buddha in human form'

Robert Bracey, 'The Origin of the Buddha Image: Aniconism'

Robert Bracey, 'The Origin of the Buddha Image: Literature'

Robert Bracey, 'The Origin of the Buddha Image: Evidence'

Richard Salomon, One Buddha, 15 Buddhas, 1,000 Buddhas

Bu Juhyung Rhi, Aesthetics Project

Robert de Caroli, posted by The US Embassy in India, 'Envisioning the Buddha'

Denise Patry Leidy, posted by Asian Art Museum, 'Avalokiteshvara in Asian Buddhism (Part 1 of 2)'

Denise Patry Leidy, posted by Asian Art Museum, 'Avalokiteshvara in Asian Buddhism (Part 2 of 2)'

Lahore Museum image gallery: very large collection of photographs of Gandharan objects in the Museum (more than 900 images) or see above under Lahore Museum on Museums and Collections in Pakistan and Afghanistan

Eastern Art Online: the Ashmolean Museum’s online database of its own collections, including about 80 Gandharan objects.

British Museum collections database - access to a vast database which includes images of more than a thousand Gandhara-related artefacts.

The Warburg Institute: about 500 historic images of Gandharan sculpture.

The Huntington Archive: several hundred thousand images of Buddhist and other Asian art and many other resources, built up by John C. and Susan L. Huntington. Now hosted at University of Chicago.

Metropolitan Museum of Art collections database: includes nearly 200 high-quality, open access images of Gandharan art.

LACMA collections database: includes around 40 high-quality, open access images of Gandharan art.

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (Museum für Asiatische Kunst) - collection database including nearly 200 Gandharan images.

Victoria and Albert Museum, London: collections database including almost 500 photographs of Gandhara-related artefacts.

The British Library: do a website search for ‘Gandhara’ to bring up more than 150 high-resolution, historic images of Gandharan sites and sculptures.

Nimogram: Joan Raducha archive of photographs at University of Wisconsin, Madison - hundreds of very high-quality photographs of sculptures and other images from this important site.

Europeana Collections (aggregates material from many public museum databases: search for 'Gandhara' to find more than 250 records)

Google Arts & Culture (search site for 'Gandhara' to find many images and tours of international museum collections etc.)